Contents Volume 1
Foreword.
Preface
Direct Contributors
Contributors through Introductions
Terminology & Framework for Understanding
Postal Card vs Postcard
GPU vs UPU
Survival and Succession of Rules, Regulations & Rates
When Convention Documents Are Missing Rules
Start and End Dates
Currency of the Postal Union
Member vs Non-Member Designations
Subordinate Member
Corresponding Member
Congress vs Special Conference
Signatory vs Non-Signatory Designations (Only Applicable to Members)
Restricted Postal Unions
Consignee Letters
Admission vs Adherence
Specific Philatelic Terms Related to Postal Cards
Chapter 1 The Early lssuers of Postal Cards
1.1 First Introduction of the Concept
1.2 Austria-Hungary (1October1869)
1.3 The Postal Card Concept Spreads Internationally
1.4 The Formular Card - Requiring that a Stamp be Added
1.5 Different Philosophies on Pricing
1.6 The Early Issuers
1.7 Germany
1.8 German Occupied France (29 September 1870)
1.9 Luxembourg (1September1870)
1.10 Heligoland (23 July 1873)
1.11 France (23 September 1870)
1.12 Switzerland and the United Kingdom (Same Day: 1 October 1870)
1.13 The Netherlands and Belgium (Same Day: 1January1871)
1.14 Denmark (1April1871)
1.15 Sweden (1January1872)
1.16 Norway (1 January 1872)
1.17 Early Issuers Who Conformed to the Austrian Concept.
1.18 Pre-GPU - Other Early Issuers in Europe
1.19 Pre-GPU - Early Issuers Outside of Europe
1.20 Privately Issued Postcards
Chapter 2 Postal Cards to Foreign Destinations
2.1 International Exchange of Cards
2.2 Austria-Hungary (1October1869)
2.3 Germany
2.4 France (23 September 1870)
2.5 Switzerland (1October1870)
2.6 United Kingdom (1October1870)
2.7 The Netherlands (1 January 1871)
2.8 Belgium (1 January 1871)
2.9 Scandinavian Postal Union: Denmark, Norway and Sweden
2.10 Denmark (1April1871)
2.11 Sweden (1January1872)
2.12 Norway (1January1872)
2.13 Finland (1October1871)
2.14 Russia (1January1872)
2.15 United States of America (May 1873)
2.16 Pre-GPU - Other Early Issuers in Europe to Foreign Destinations .187
2.17 Early Issuers Outside of Europe
2.18 General Comments About Other Early Issuers Outside of Europe
2.19 Postal Cards Used as Printed Matter in International Mail
2.20 Privately Issued Postcards in International Mails
2.21 Postal Cards Used 'in' the Domestic Service of Other Countries
Chapter 3 Congress of Berne, 1874 Establishing a Single Postal Territory
3.1 First Order of Business for the Delegates - Mapping Classes of Mail and Auxiliary Postal Services
3.2 Postal Cards: A Required Class of Mail
3.3 The Published Rules & Regulations from Berne'74
3.4 Harmonised Approach to Pricing the Physical Card - Cost of the Card Was Included in Notional Rate of lmpressed Stamp
3.5 Methodology for Determining Rate: Half the Letter Rate
3.6 Optionality in Choosing Rates
3.7 Foreign Rate Postal Cards
3.8 Pre-GPU Foreign Rate Cards Extended to Use in GPU
3.9 Domestic Rate Chosen as GPU Base Rate - New Foreign Rate Chosen to Equal the Existing Domestic Rate
3.10 New Issue Foreign-Rate Postal Cards Prepared for GPU Day
3.11 Belgium, Denmark and the United Kingdom
3.12 First Postal Cards of Founding Members Issued After GPU Day - Issued to Comply With GPU Requirements
3.13 Where a Foreign Rate Postal Card Was Not Available
3.14 Initial Rules for Postal Cards
3.15 French Interim Period
3.16 Restricted Postal Unions
3.17 The Appearance of Overpayments
3.18 Frontier Mail
3.19 Maritime Surcharge Rate
3.20 Mixed Franking Within the GPU/UPU on Postal Cards
3.21 Postal Card Developments Among Non-GPU/UPU Members
Chapter 4 Conference of Berne, 1876 -Admitting the First New Members
4.1 The First 'Special Conference'
4.2 Divergence From Standards
4.3 Admission Process Changed After Berne'76 Meetings
4.4 Admission of New Members: Treaties of Adhesion
4.5 India Exemption Expanded
4.6 Transitional Rates
4.7 New Members' Postal Cards With Transitional Rates
4.9 Assessing International Postal Card Volume
4.10 Postal Card Development Among Non-Members
4.11 The Request for Specimens
4.12 Last Day of the "General Postal Union"
Chapter 5 Congress of Paris, 1878
5.1 Background
5.2 Equivalencies for Postage Rates Within the UPU
5.3 New Rules on Postal Cards for All Members
5.4 A Major Overhaul of UPU Rates
5.5 Miscellaneous Uses of Cards
5.6 Interim Period Between Congresses
Contents Volume2
UPU Special Convention On Reply-Paid Postal Cards Optional to all Members; Not Yet Required
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Operational Problems With "Foreign'' Response Cards
6.3 Early Adoption of "Reply Card" Concept by Other Postal Administrations
6.4 Reactions at Paris'78 to the Reply-Paid Postal Card Concept
6.5 Creation of the "Special Convention"
6.6 Perspective on the Optional Period
6.7 Reply Cards Sent to "Non-Signatories" Before 1April1886.
6.8 Maritime Surcharges on Response Cards
6.9 Maintaining the India & Far East Surcharge
6.10 Cases of "Mixed" Franking
6.11 "Return'' of Reply Cards To Other than Member of Issuance
6.12 Unintended Uses of Response Cards
6.13 Extension of Reply Card Concept to Free Franks
6.14 Reply Cards Led to the Concept for Letter Cards
6.15 Lisbon 1885 - Letter Card Concept Creates.Interest.
6.16 Perspectives on Reply Card Scarcity
Chapter 7 Congress of Lisbon, 1885
7.1 Background
7.2 Official UPU Rates of Equivalencies for Member Currencies
7.3 Postage Due: Double Deficiency
7.4 Changes in the Required Inscriptions
7.5 Technical Physical Details for Postal Cards
7.6 Reply Paid Postal Cards
7.7 Permission for Privately Produced Postal Cards
7.8 Ail Members Must Accept Response Cards From Other Members
7.9 Between Congresses (From Lisbon'85 to Viennà91)
7.10 Within the British Empire: Members vs Non-Members
7.12 Developments Within the Australasian Colonies
7.13 Italian & Australasian Treaty
7.14 Intercolonial Postal Conference •
7.15 Non-Members in Southern Africa•
Chapter 8 Congress of Vienna, 1891
8.1 Paradigm Shift Before the Congress
8.2 Sorne General Rules Applicable to Postal Cards
8.3 UPU Rates of Equivalency
8.4 Responses to Eliminating Surcharge Rates
8.5 Postage Due Regulations Relevant to Postal Cards
8.6 Southern Africa Postal Card Changes
8.7 New Member "Transitional Rates,,
8.8 Auxiliary Services on Reply-Paid Postal Cards
8.9 General Technical Regulations Pertaining to Postal Cards
8.10 UPU Indicium Requirement Reaffirmed
8.11 Reply-Paid Postal Cards - Issuance Now Mandatory
8.12 Domestic Reply Cards in UPU Mails
8.13 Maritime Surcharge Postage on Reply Cards
8.14 Fraudulent Use of Response Cards
8.15 Specimens to UPU from Non-Members
Chapter 9 Congress of Washington
9.1 UPU Impact on International Affairs
9.2 Postage Due Specific to Postal Cards
9.3 General Section on Postal Cards (Article XV of the Regulations)
9.4 UPU Rates of Equivalency
9.5 Commemorative Postal Cards
9.5 Universal Rates
9.6 Between the Congresses: Washington'97 and Rome'06
Chapter 10 Congress of Rome, 1906
10.1 Overview
10.2 Divided Postcards, 1902-1907
10.3 Further Clarifications of Regulations Per EUnion Postale
10.4 UPU Rates of Equivalency
10.5 Wartime Measures
10.6 New Countries Appear on the Globe
10.7 After War Rate Increases
Chapter 11 The Denouement of Postal Cards 1920-1974
11.1 Overview
11.2 Congress of Madrid
11.3 The Congress of Stockholm
11.4 The Congress of London
11.5 The Congress of Cairo
11.6 The Congress of Buenos Aires
11. 7 Congress of Paris
11.8 Congress of Brussels
11.9 Congress of Ottawa
11.10 Congress of Vienna
11.11 Congress of Tokyo
11.12 Congress of Lausanne
Appendix 1 First Postal Card Issues of the World Chronological Order
Appendix 2 First Letter Card Issues of the World Alphabetical Order
Appendix 3 UPU Membership Dates Chronological Date Order
Appendix 4 UPU Membership Dates Alphabetical Order
Appendix 5 Table of Rates from Overseas Countries and Colonies To France- 1875 to 1920
Appendix 6 Foreign Currency Approximate British Equivalents
Appendix 7 The 200 Year Calendar Determining the Day of the Week
Bibliography
Books
Articles
Official and Semi-Official Books and Documents
Websites
Private Correspondence and Email
Index